{"id":42776,"date":"2024-11-11T06:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-11-11T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/trendsanita.it\/?p=42776"},"modified":"2026-04-14T16:44:20","modified_gmt":"2026-04-14T14:44:20","slug":"models-are-not-oracles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/trendsanita.it\/en\/models-are-not-oracles\/","title":{"rendered":"Models are not oracles"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Humanity has long been driven by a desire to foresee the future; today, science enables us to statistically predict certain outcomes. Be it weather, disease spread, or climate change, we can now access relatively accurate forecasts or scenarios.<br>Computational epidemiologist<ins>s as<\/ins> <strong>Alessandro Vespignani<\/strong> are to epidemiology what <ins>physicists are to <\/ins>meteorology, creating models to predict impacts; not of weather but of public health.<br>His team at the Northeastern University Network Science Institute builds biological and social models.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"messaggio-chiave\">Be it weather, disease spread, or climate change, we can now access relatively accurate forecasts or scenarios<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c<strong>Models are not oracles <\/strong>&#8211; Vespignani explains during an interview with <em>TrendSanit\u00e0<\/em> -. <strong>They are probabilistic, not deterministic<\/strong>. This is crucial to remember. In a wartime metaphor, computational epidemiologists are like intelligence officers, not soldiers\u201d.<br>In times of uncertainty, people crave definitive answers, though this is not feasible. \u201cThe sooner we accept this, the better our science communication will be. <strong>Experts build models; decision-makers adjust expectations and policies based on proposed scenarios and their uncertainty<\/strong>\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The beginning of the pandemic<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>At the start of 2020<\/strong>, while most of the world was settling into the new work year after <ins>the <\/ins>New Year celebrations, Alessandro Vespignani was alert at his computer. He was analyzing how to reorganize his lab in case the epidemiological situation in China failed to improve. Information on <strong>several suspicious cases of atypical pneumonia had been circulating from the East for weeks<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"messaggio-chiave\">In times of uncertainty, people crave definitive answers, though this is not feasible<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;Initially, we hoped it was something similar to the 2002 SARS outbreak &#8211; the epidemiologist recalls &#8211; a disease with very low asymptomatic transmission. At that time, we didn\u2019t have a clear picture of the transmission mechanisms\u201d. However, once the symptoms were better understood, a red alert was issued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On January 17, a 6 am teleconference was convened in Boston to discuss case numbers. \u201cIt quickly became clear that this was a significant outbreak, and indeed, a few days later, the WHO classified the global risk as very high\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Maps of the Future <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;<strong>It\u2019s often said that epidemiologists create scenarios, but that\u2019s misleading<\/strong>; we model situations based on data from governments and Crisis Units that ask us to explore situations based on specific assumptions. For instance: what if everyone were vaccinated, or if work from home were imposed? &#8211; tells <strong>Vespignani<\/strong>, who is also president of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.isi.it\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ISI Foundation<\/a> in Turin, a non-profit organization that focuses on data science for social impact, including forecasting and scenarios for infectious diseases -. These <strong>maps of the future<\/strong> aren\u2019t predictions but <strong>tools for health policymakers to understand what could happen under specific conditions<\/strong>&#8220;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>After years of advocacy, the US recently established a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/forecast-outbreak-analytics\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Center for Forecasting and Outbreak Analytics<\/a> within the CDCs, akin to the National Weather Forecast Service but for infectious diseases. The CDCs also funds with <strong>more than 250 millions dollars<\/strong> a network of national academic centers advancing the analytic science to predict and control infectious disease spread. &#8220;I direct the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.epistorm.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Epistorm Analytical Innovation Center<\/a>, located in the Northeast US&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The centers operate under <strong>a five-year plan, updated regularly<\/strong>, and collaborate with academia, private sectors, state public health departments, and various public health territorial organizations. &#8220;This is a significant step forward that we hope continues to expand&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The European situation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Unfortunately, no similar progress has occurred in Europe<\/strong>. &#8220;I believe <strong>predictive and analytical centers for infectious diseases should be established in every European country, with coordinated inter-European efforts<\/strong>&#8220;. Some countries perform better than others, but a shared vision is generally lacking. In the US, the predictive system is multi-model: to achieve accurate forecasts, it\u2019s essential to create an ensemble of models.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"messaggio-chiave\">While a Forecasting Center for Infectious Diseases has been established in the USA, a similar structure and a common vision for prevention are lacking in Europe<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This requires an infrastructure where various groups work collaboratively: &#8220;The current Academic incentive system, which rewards competitiveness among research teams driven to publish, doesn\u2019t foster a collaborative, multidisciplinary environment&#8221;. <strong>In Italy, updating the Pandemic Plan has been a topic of discussion for months<\/strong>. &#8220;Having a plan is great, but it\u2019s not enough if it stays in a drawer &#8211; Vespignani notes -. Planning exercises, practices and constat updating<ins> are needed;<\/ins> similar to the drills civil protection agencies conduct for natural disaster response&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Data Quality<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;Data has been one of the major revolution<ins>s<\/ins> of the past 20 years. For a long time, detailed modeling wasn\u2019t possible. Today, technology greatly assists us with this\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>To understand the global spread of epidemics, analyzing air traffic is critical<\/strong>. &#8220;Back when tickets were paper-based, it was challenging to obtain homogeneous, high-quality data. Today, we have a partnership with OAG data scheduler, which provides real-time traffic data that we can use for forecasting&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It doesn\u2019t stop there: <strong>today, we also have mobile data, which enables tracking of people\u2019s movements<\/strong>. &#8220;It\u2019s important to remember that <strong>we\u2019re not following individuals, to protect their privacy, but rather <ins>use <\/ins>statistical patterns and average behaviors <\/strong>that we incorporate into our models, which became much more highly detailed&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"messaggio-chiave\">Data has been one of the major revolution<ins>s<\/ins> of the past 20 years<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Looking forward, there\u2019s <strong>a framework for a sentinel mechanism to monitor epidemic trends<\/strong>. &#8220;Just as satellites orbit in meteorology, we need observers constantly measuring virus evolution &#8211; Vespignani explains -. With the CDCs and the European Community, we\u2019re working on <strong>Traveler-Based Genomic Surveillance<\/strong>, conducting metagenomic analysis on airplane restroom wastewater to track, for instance, Covid variants&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Twenty to twenty-five sentinels in major airports would suffice to gather enough data<\/strong>. &#8220;There are certainly logistical issues to resolve, but we can make it happen. The challenge is to convince global decision-makers of the value of these initiatives. I truly hope these technologies can transform how we combat viruses over the next 10-15 years&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00a0<em><strong>\u00a9<\/strong> Photo by Matthew Modoono_Northeastern University<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Alessandro Vespignani, among the world&#8217;s leading experts in computational epidemiology, tells TrendSanit\u00e0 what the future of infectious disease prediction looks like. It starts from widespread organization at the supranational level to a network of sentinels at airports to measure the movement of viruses<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1955,"featured_media":42774,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[544],"tags":[],"rubrica":[],"speciale":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-42776","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-across-europe-en"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Models are not oracles<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Alessandro Vespignani, among the world&#039;s leading experts in computational epidemiology, tells TrendSanit\u00e0 what the future of infectious disease prediction looks like\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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